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On March 23rd 1931, the Indian National Army (INA) was formed by Indian nationalists in Singapore. Led by Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, the INA was a military expeditionary force that participated in World War II. Along with about 50,000 men and women soldiers, there were also several thousand underground fighters who never fought in combat but provided support for the INA's operations. The formation of an army to "resist British Imperialist aggression" is seen as one of the reasons for India's bid for independence that eventually happened on August 1947. After the departure of Chiang Kai-shek for Taiwan, the Japanese army stationed their forces in Singapore. The Japanese commander in Singapore, General Yamashita Tomoyuki provided uniforms and arms to the Indian POWs. He also gave them an equivalent rank to that of a British Indian Army sepoy. He named them "Shaheed" (martyr), thereby raising the morale of these soldiers. The soldiers were pleasantly surprised when they were told that they will be treated as POWs and not traitors as they were supposed to be according to British laws. They had already realized that they were being exploited by the British government and wanted independence from them. It was a matter of pride for them to be treated as POWs and not traitors. Because of this, the men welcomed the Japanese with open arms. After the formation of INA, there were many such Indian nationalists who were prisoners captured by the British army in India and sent to Malaya and Singapore. Without support from their families and government-they were all left at the mercy of the British after they became POWs. The Indians in Malaya could not get access to food and fuel supplies until January 1942 at which point they could still receive. They were not allowed to buy food or cook their own meals. They were given only half the ration that British soldiers got; however, they still needed to pay the full price. They also had to pay for their own toilet paper and soap which was a burden on them without any supply from their government or relatives. The INA played key roles in the battles of Imphal and Kohima during World War II where they fought against British forces for Indian independence. At the conclusion of World War II, the Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose-led Azad Hind government planned for transferring its headquarters to Vietnam, planning to use Vietnam as a base for an invasion of India via Myanmar (Burma). They were aided by the former Vietnamese emperor, Bảo Đại . The headquarters were transferred in September 1945. However, Japan surrendered in August 1945 ending World WarII. After the transfer of the INA HQ to Vietnam, the army cadres began collaborating with the Vietminh . The battle of Kohima was an engagement between Imperial Japanese forces and allied forces including units of Azad Hind Fauj consisting of soldiers of Indian sub-continent serving with the British Indian Army during World War II. It was fought from 4 April to 22 June 1944 by the XXXIII Corps (Indian 5th Division) commanded by Lieutenant General Christophe L. J. M. cfa1e77820
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